الشهداء في هذا الباب هم شهداء في أحكام الآخرة، أما في أحكام الدنيا فليس لهم حكم الشهيد المقتول في المعركة، لكن من كرم الله تَعَالىٰ لهذه الأمة أن ألحق بثواب الشهيد في الآخرة أصنافاً من الشهداء الآتي ذكرهم في الأحاديث.
The types of martyrs covered in this chapter are regarded as martyrs when it comes to the Hereafter. But with regard to the rulings applied in the life of this world, they are not treated like the martyrs killed in battle. Out of His bounty towards this Ummah, Allah Almighty gives the reward for martyrdom to other types of martyrs, as mentioned in the following Hadīths.
1/1353ــ عَنْ أبي هُرَيْرَةَ رضي الله عنه قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: «الشُّهَداءُ خَمْسَةٌ: المَطْعُونُ، والمبطونُ، والغَريقُ، وصاحبُ الهَدْمِ، والشَّهيدُ في سبيل الله». متفق عليه.
1353/1 - Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “The martyrs are five: he who dies from a plague; he who dies from an abdominal disease; he who drowns; he who dies because debris fell on him; and he who dies fighting in the cause of Allah.” [Narrated by Al-Bukhāri and Muslim]
2/1354 ــ وعنهُ قالَ: قالَ رسولُ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: «ما تَعُدُّونَ الشُّهَدَاءَ فِيكُمْ ؟» قالُوا: يا رَسُولَ الله، مَنْ قُتِلَ في سَبِيلِ اللهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ. قال: «إنَّ شُهَداءَ أُمَّتِي إذاً لَقَلِيلٌ» قالُوا: فَمَنْ هُمْ يَا رَسُولَ الله ؟ قالَ: «مَنْ قُتِلَ في سَبِيلِ الله فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، وَمَنْ مَاتَ في سَبِيلِ الله فَهُو شَهِيدٌ، وَمَنْ مَاتَ في الطّاعُونِ فهو شَهِيدٌ، وَمَنْ مَاتَ في البَطْنِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، وَالغَرِيقُ شهِيدٌ». رواهُ مُسْلمٌ.
1354/2 - He also reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Whom do you consider to be a martyr among you?” They said: “O Messenger of Allah, the one who is killed in the way of Allah is a martyr.” He said: “Then, the martyrs in my Ummah would be a few indeed.” They said: “Then, who are they, O Messenger of Allah?” He said: “He who is killed in the cause of Allah is a martyr; he who dies in the cause of Allah is a martyr; he who dies because of plague is a martyr; he who dies from an abdominal disease is a martyr; and he who dies from drowning is a martyr.” [Narrated by Muslim]
المطعون: من مات بالطاعون، وهو مرض فتاك مُعدٍ.
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المبطون: الَّذي أصابه داء البطن.
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1) إكرام الله تعالىٰ هذه الأمة المحمدية، حين بارك في أصناف شهدائها ليعظم أجرها.
1) Allah Almighty honors this Muslim Ummah as He has increased the types of martyrs so that they will receive greater rewards.
2) من خرج يريد وجه الله تعالىٰ بهجرة في سبيله، أو مات في طريقه إلىٰ الجهاد، فهو من الشهداء في أحكام الآخرة.
2) He who goes out for the sake of Allah, intending to emigrate in His cause, or dies on the way to Jihad, is a martyr as far as the Hereafter is concerned.
المذكورون في الحديث لا يُراد حصر العدد بهم، بل هناك شهداء آخرون؛ كالمرأة تموت في نفاسها، والميت بالحرق، والميت بداء السّلّ، ونحوهم مما صحت فيهم الروايات النبوية.
The types of martyrs are not limited to those mentioned in this Hadīth. Rather, there are others, like a woman who dies during her postpartum period and a person who dies from burning, tuberculosis, etc., as mentioned in relevant authentic Hadīths.
3/1355 ــ وعَنْ عبد الله بن عمرو بن العاص رضي الله عنهما قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: «مَنْ قُتلَ دُونَ مَالِهِ فَهُوَ شهيدٌ». متفقٌ عليه.
1355/3 - ‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Amr ibn al-‘Ās (may Allah be pleased with him and his father) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “He who is killed as he defends his property is a martyr.” [Narrated by Al-Bukhāri and Muslim]
4/1356ــ وعَنْ أبي الأعور سعيد بن زيد بن عمرو بن نُفيل، أحدِ العَشَرَةِ المَشْهُودِ لَهُمْ بالجَنَّة رضي الله عنهم، قَالَ: سمعتُ رَسُولَ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول: «مَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ مالِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، وَمَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ دَمِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، وَمَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ دِينِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، وَمَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ أَهْلِهِ فَهُوَ شهِيدٌ».
1356/4 - Abu al-A‘war Sa‘īd ibn Zayd ibn ‘Amr ibn Nufayl, one of the ten Companions who were told that they would enter Paradise, reported: I heard the Prophet (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) say: “Whoever is killed defending his property is a martyr; whoever is killed defending his life is a martyr; whoever is killed defending his religion is a martyr; and whoever is killed defending his family is a martyr.”
رواهُ أبو داودَ، والترمذي وقال: حديثٌ حسنٌ صحيحٌ .
[Narrated by Abu Dāwūd and Al-Tirmidhi, who classified it as Hasan Sahīh (sound and authentic)]
5/1357ــ وعنْ أبي هُرَيرةَ رضي الله عنه قالَ: جَاءَ رَجُلٌ إلىٰ رسولِ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، فَقَالَ: يا رسولَ الله، أَرَأَيْتَ إنْ جَاءَ رَجُلٌ يُرِيدُ أَخْذَ مَالي؟ قالَ: «فَلا تُعْطِهِ مَالَكَ» قال: أَرَأَيْتَ إنْ قَاتَلَني؟ قال: «قَاتِلْهُ» قالَ: أَرَأَيْتَ إنْ قَتَلَني ؟ قالَ: «فَأَنْتَ شَهِيدٌ» قال: أَرَأَيْتَ إنْ قَتَلْتُهُ؟ قالَ: «هُوَ في النَّارِ». رواهُ مسلمٌ.
1357/5 - Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: A man came to the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) and said: “O Messenger of Allah, what if a man comes to me wanting to take my money?” He said: “Do not give him your money.” The man said: “What if he fights me?” He said: “Fight him.” The man said: “What if he kills me?” He said: “You would be a martyr.” The man said: “What if I kill him?” He said: “He would be in Hellfire.” [Narrated by Muslim]
1) حرمة مال المسلم ودمه وعرضه، فالمدافع عَنْ ذلك إن مات فهو شهيد.
1) The property, life, and honor of a Muslim are inviolable. He who dies as he defends any of these is a martyr.
2) الدين يُفدَّىٰ بالنفس دفاعاً عَنْهُ، ومن مات دون دينه فهو شهيد، فأين المسلمون اليوم؟ ترىٰ الدين عند بعضهم كرخيص من متاع الدنيا لا قيمة لَهُ؟!.
2) We should defend religion with our own lives, and he who dies doing this is a martyr. How far from this are Muslims nowadays! Some of them treat religion as something insignificant and worthless.
3) وجوب التدرج في دفع المعتدي عليك، ولْيكن الهم في دفعه لا في قتله، لكنه إذَا مَا اندفع إلَّا بالقتل فإن الشارع أذن بقتله.
3) We should adopt an approach of gradation as we confront an attacker. Our goal should be to repel him, not to kill him. But, if we cannot repel him except by killing him, the Shariah permits us to do so.
4) الشريعة جاءت لحفظ الضروريات الخمس، والدفاع عنها، وهي: الدِّين، والنفس، والعقل، والعرض، والمال.
4) The Shariah is keenly concerned with preserving and defending five necessary things: religion, life, mind, honor, and property.