قال الله تعالىٰ: {وَعَلَى ٱلۡمَوۡلُودِ لَهُۥ رِزۡقُهُنَّ وَكِسۡوَتُهُنَّ بِٱلۡمَعۡرُوفِۚ} [البقرة: 233] ، وقال تعالىٰ: {لِيُنفِقۡ ذُو سَعَةٖ مِّن سَعَتِهِۦۖ وَمَن قُدِرَ عَلَيۡهِ رِزۡقُهُۥ فَلۡيُنفِقۡ مِمَّآ ءَاتَىٰهُ ٱللَّهُۚ لَا يُكَلِّفُ ٱللَّهُ نَفۡسًا إِلَّا مَآ ءَاتَىٰهَاۚ} [الطلاق: 7]، وقال تعالىٰ: {وَمَآ أَنفَقۡتُم مِّن شَيۡءٖ فَهُوَ يُخۡلِفُهُ} [سبأ: 39].
Allah Almighty says: {It is the obligation upon the father of the child that he provides food and clothing [for the mothers] with fairness} [Surat al-Baqarah: 233] Allah Almighty says: {Let the wealthy man spend according to his means. As for the one with limited resources, he should spend according to whatever Allah has given him. Allah does not burden any soul beyond what He has given him} [Surat al-Talāq: 7] Allah Almighty also says: {Whatever you spend in charity, He will compensate for it} [Surat Saba’: 39]
المولود له: هو الأب، ويشمل الأب الأدنىٰ، والأب الأعلى، كالجد ومن فوقه.
{The father of the child} includes all levels of fathers, including the direct father as well as the grandfathers up to all levels.
1) الحث علىٰ النفقة علىٰ العيال بما يقدر عليه الرجل، من غير كُلفة زائدة تشقُّ عليه.
1) A Muslim is urged to spend on his dependents according to his ability without unnecessary excess that may incur hardship upon him.
2) تَـكَفَّلَ الله تعالىٰ بالإخلاف علىٰ المُنفِق علىٰ عياله، ومن تكفَّل الله به فلا مُضيِّع له.
2) Allah Almighty took upon Himself to compensate the one who spends on his dependents. Verily, the one who receives compensation from Allah Almighty shall never find himself lost.
شروط الإنفاق:
Conditions of obligatory spending:
الشرط الأول: أن يكون المُنفِق قادراً علىٰ الإنفاق، فإن كان عاجزاً فإنه لايجب عليه الإنفاق إلا بما يستطيعه.
First condition: that the one in charge of spending is financially able to undertake this duty, otherwise he is not obligated to spend except according to what is within his ability.
الشرط الثاني: أن يكون المُنفِق وارثاً للمُنْفَق عليه، فإن كان المُنفِق قريباً لايرث، فإنه لايجب عليه الإنفاق.
Second condition: that the spender must be one of the legitimate heirs of the one whom he spends on. If the spender is a relative who is not a legitimate heir, then he is not obligated to spend.
1/289 ــ وعن أَبي هريرةَ رضي الله عنه قال: قال رسولُ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: «دِينَارٌ أَنْفَقْتَهُ في سَبِيلِ الله، وَدِينَارٌ أنْفَقْتَهُ في رَقَبَةٍ، وَدِينَارٌ تَصَدَّقْتَ بِهِ عَلَىٰ مِسْكِينٍ، وَدِينَارٌ أَنْفَقْتَهُ عَلَىٰ أَهْلِكَ، أَعْظَمُهَا أَجْراً الَّذِي أنْفَقْتَهُ عَلَىٰ أَهْلِكَ». رواه مسلم.
289/1- Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “A dinar you spend in the cause of Allah, a dinar you spend on (freeing) a slave, a dinar you give in charity to a needy person, and a dinar you spend on your family; the greatest in reward is the one you spend on your family.” [Narrated by Muslim]
2/290 ــ وعن أَبي عبد الله وَيقَالُ له: أبو عبدِ الرَّحمنِ ـ ثَوْبَانَ بْن بُجْدُدَ مَوْلَىٰ رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: قال رسولُ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: «أَفْضلُ دِينَارٍ يُنْفِقُهُ الرَّجُلُ دينَارٌ يُنْفِقُهُ عَلَىٰ عِيَالِهِ، وَدِينَارٌ يُنْفِقُهُ عَلَىٰ دَابَّتِهِ في سَبيلِ الله، وَدِينَارٌ يُنفِقُهُ عَلَىٰ أصْحَابِهِ في سَبِيلِ الله». رواه مسلم.
290/2- Abu ʿAbdullah (and he was also nicknamed Abu ʿAbdur-Rahmān) Thawbān ibn Bujdud (may Allah be pleased with him) the freed slave of the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “The most excellent dinar that a man spends is the dinar that he spends on his dependents, and the dinar that he spends on his riding-animal in the cause of Allah, and the dinar that he spends on his companions in the cause of Allah.” [Narrated by Muslim]
1) فضيلة الإنفاق علىٰ الأهل؛ فهو أفضل النفقات الواجبة لما يترتب عليه من البر.
1) The Hadīths highlight the excellence of spending on one’s family, being one of the best forms of obligatory spending given its good consequences.
2) الإنفاق علىٰ الأهل فرض عين، والإنفاق علىٰ من سواهم فرض كفاية، وفرض العين أفضل من فرض الكفاية عند أكثر أهل العلم.
2) spending on one’s family is an individual obligation, while spending on other than them is a communal obligation. According to the majority of scholars, individual obligations are better than communal ones.
3/291 ــ وعن أمِّ سَلَمَةَ رضي الله عنها قالَتْ: قلتُ يا رسولَ الله، هَلْ لي أَجرٌ في بَني أبي سَلَمَةَ أَنْ أَنْفِقَ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَلَسْتُ بِتَارِكَتِهمْ هكَذَا وَهكَذَا، إنَّمَا هُمْ بَنيَ؟ فقال: «نَعَمْ لَكِ أَجْرُ مَا أَنْفَقْتِ عَلَيْهِمْ». متفقٌ عليه.
292/3- Um Salamah (may Allah be pleased with her) reported: “I said: ‘O Messenger of Allah, would I be rewarded for Abu Salamah’s children that I spend on them so as not to leave them like this and like that, while they are my children?’ He said: ‘Yes, you will be rewarded for what you spend on them.’” [Narrated by Al-Bukhāri and Muslim]
4/292ــ وعن سعدِ بن أَبي وَقَّاصٍ رضي الله عنه في حدِيثِهِ الطَّوِيلِ الذي قَدَّمْنَاهُ في أَوَّلِ الْكِتَابِ في (بَابِ النِّيَّةِ) أَنَّ رسولَ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال له: «وَإنَّكَ لَنْ تُنْفِقَ نَفَقَةً تَبْتَغِي بِهَا وَجْهَ الله إلَّا أُجِرْتَ بِهَا حَتَّىٰ مَا تَجْعَلُ في فيِّ امْرَأَتِكَ». متفقٌ عليه.
292/4- Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqās (may Allah be pleased with him) reported, in his long Hadīth that we presented in the beginning of the book in the "Chapter on the Intention", that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “... and you will be rewarded for whatever you spend for Allah’s sake even if it were a morsel which you put in your wife’s mouth.” [Narrated by Al-Bukhāri and Muslim]
5/293ــ وعن أبي مَسْعُودٍ الْبَدْرِيِّ رضي الله عنه عن النَّبيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: « إذَا أَنْفَقَ الرَّجُلُ عَلَىٰ أَهْلِهِ نَفَقَةً يَحْتَسِبُهَا فَهيَ لَهُ صَدَقَـةٌ». متفقٌ عليه.
293/5- Abu Mas‘ūd al-Badri (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “If a man spends something on his family, seeking reward from Allah for it, it shall be recorded for him as charity.” [Narrated by Al-Bukhāri and Muslim]
لست بتاركتهم هكذا وهكذا: أي: يتفرقون في طلب القوت يميناً وشمالاً.
‘so as not to leave them like this and like that’: means that they go here and there in pursuit of basic sustenance.
في فيِّ امرأتك: أي: في فمها.
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يحتسبها: أي يقصد بها وجه الله تعالىٰ والتقرب إليه.
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1) من أبواب الطاعات المرغَّب فيها؛ النفقة علىٰ الأهل والعيال.
1) Spending on one’s family and dependents is one of the encouraged acts of obedience.
2) العادات تصبح عبادات بحسن نية العبد؛ فانظر إلىٰ النفقة المعتادة علىٰ أهل الرجل، كيف صارت صدقة لمّا احتسبها في سبيل الله. فَلْيحرصِ المنفقون علىٰ تصحيح النيات.
2) Habits become acts of worship through the person’s good intention. Consider how the usual spending of a man on his family becomes a charity when he sought by it Allah’s reward. So, let the spenders be keen on correcting their intentions
6/294 ــ وعن عبد الله بن عمرو بن العاص رضي الله عنهما قال: قال رسولُ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: «كَفَىٰ بِالمَرْءِ إثْماً أَنْ يُضَيِّعَ مَنْ يَقُوتُ». حديثٌ صحيحٌ رواه أبو داود وغيره.
294/6- ‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Amr ibn al-‘Ās (may Allah be pleased with him and his father) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “It is a sufficient sin for a man to neglect those whom he provides for.” [Sahīh (authentic) Hadīth narrated by Abu Dāwūd and others]
ورواه مسلم في صحيحه بِمَعْنَاهُ قال: «كَفَىٰ بِالمَرْءِ إثْماً أَن يَحْبِسَ عَمَّنْ يَمْلِكُ قُوتَهُ».
Muslim also narrated its meaning in his Sahīh in the following wording: “It is a sufficient sin for a man to withhold sustenance from those whom he provides for.”
يقوت: من ينفق عليه.
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1) التهديد والوعيد علىٰ مَن ضيّع من ينفق عليه، وهو شامل للإنسان وغيره مما تلزمه النفقة عليه.
1) The Hadīth includes threat of punishment to the one who neglects his dependents, namely, people and otherwise whom he is obligated to provide for.
2) وجوب رعاية من ألزمك الله بالإنفاق عليهم.
2) One is obligated to take care of those whom Allah Almighty has made it obligatory on him to provide for.
7/295 ــ وعن أَبي هريرةَ رضي الله عنه أَنَّ النَّبيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: «مَا مِنْ يَوْمٍ يُصْبِحُ الْعِبادُ فِيهِ إلَّا مَلَكَانِ يَنْزِلانِ، فَيَقُولُ أَحَدُهُمَا: اللَّهم أَعْطِ مُنْفِقاً خَلَفاً، وَيَقُولُ الآخَرُ: اللَّهم أَعْطِ مُمْسِكاً تَلَفاً». متفقٌ عليه.
295/7- Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Prophet (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Every morning, two angels descend. One of them says: ‘O Allah, give the one who spends (in the way of Allah) compensation.’ The other one says: ‘O Allah, give the one who withholds (from spending in the way of Allah) damage.’” [Narrated by Al-Bukhāri and Muslim]
خلفاً: عوضاً عما أنفقه.
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تلفاً: هلاكاً عما حبسه ومنعه عن مستحقيه.
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1) الترغيب في الدعاء للكريم بمزيد العوض، وأن يخلفه الله خيراً مما أنفق، والدعاء علىٰ البخيل بتلف ماله الذي منعه وكنزه.
1) The Hadīth encourages invoking Allah in favor of the generous spender to be given more in return for their spending and be compensated by Allah with something better than what they spent, and invoking against the stingy that Allah destroys his money that he withheld and hoarded.
2) استجابة الله دعاء العبد لأخيه بظهر الغيب.
2) Allah Almighty responds to the supplication of a slave for his brother in his absence.
3) دعاء الملائكة للمؤمنين الصالحين المنفقين بالخير والبركة، وفي هذا حث علىٰ الإنفاق.
3) The angels invoke goodness and blessing upon the spending righteous believers, and this encourages spending.
4) الإنفاق في سبيل الله من شكر النعم، وهو سبب في المزيد: {لَئِن شَكَرۡتُمۡ لَأَزِيدَنَّكُمۡۖ}.
4) Spending in the Cause of Allah is a form of showing gratefulness for Allah’s blessings, which is a reason for receiving more thereof: {If you are grateful, I will surely give you more}
8/296 ــ وعنه عن النَّبيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: « الْيَدُ الْعُلْيَا خَيْرٌ مِنَ الْيَدِ السُّفْلَى، وَابْدَأ بِمَنْ تَعُولُ، وَخَيْرُ الصَّدَقَةِ مَا كَانَ عَنْ ظَهْرِ غِنىً، وَمَنْ يَسْتَعْفِفْ يُعِفَّهُ اللهُ، وَمَنْ يَسْتَغْنِ يُغْنِهِ اللهُ». رواه البخاري.
296/8- He also reported that the Prophet (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “The upper hand (the one that gives) is better than the lower one (the one that receives); and begin (charity) with those who are under your care; and the best charity is what is given out of surplus; and he who asks (Allah) to help him abstain from the unlawful and the forbidden, Allah will fulfill his wish; and he who seeks self-sufficiency will be made self-sufficient by Allah.” [Narrated by Al-Bukhāri]
اليد العليا: اليد المنفقة المعطية.
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اليد السفلى: اليد الآخذة.
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ظهر غنى: غير محتاج إليها، أي: بعد أن يستغني بقدر الكفاية لأهله وعياله.
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يستعفف: يطلب من الله العفة، وهي: الكفُّ عن الحرام.
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يستغن: يقنع بما قسم الله له.
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1) تفضيل الغنىٰ للرجل الصالح الذي يقوم بحق المال، فنِعْم المال الصالح للعبد الصالح.
1) Being rich is better for a righteous man who fulfills the right due on him with regard to his wealth. What an excellent wealth it is for a righteous believer!
2) كراهية السؤال والتنفير عنه، فلا يجوز إلا لضرورة أوحاجة أو سبب شرعي.
2) Begging is reprehensible and criticized; it is not permissible unless there is a necessity, a need, or a Shariah-approved reason.
3) العفَّة والقناعة من صفات أهل الإيمان.
3) Abstinence and contentment are qualities of the people of faith.
4) من استعان بالله علىٰ استكمال الأعمال الصالحة التي نواها في نفسه، أعانه الله وبلّغه مراده وكفاه.
4) When one seeks Allah’s help for achieving the good deeds he intended within himself, Allah Almighty will help him, fulfill his wish, and give him sufficiency.