It is preferred to fast the three bright days, namely the 13th, the 14th, and the 15th. They are also said to be the 12th, the 13th, and the 14th. The first opinion is the more correct and famous.
Puasa ini paling utama dilakukan pada ayyāmul-bīḍ (hari-hari yang malamnya bulan memilki cahaya sangat terang), yaitu tanggal 13, 14, dan 15 setiap bulan hijriah. Ada juga yang berpendapat, yaitu tanggal 12, 13, dan 14. Tetapi pendapat yang sahih dan masyhur adalah yang pertama.
1258/1 - Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “My close friend (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) advised me to observe fast for three days in every month, to perform the two Rak‘ahs of the Duha prayer, and to perform the Witr prayer before going to bed.” [Narrated by Al-Bukhāri and Muslim]
1/1258- Abu Hurairah -raḍiyallāhu 'anhu- berkata, "Kekasihku -ṣallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam- berpesan kepadaku dengan tiga hal: puasa tiga hari setiap bulan, dua rakaat salat Duha, dan melaksanakan salat Witir sebelum tidur." (Muttafaq 'Alaih)
1259/2 - Abu al-Dardā’ (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: “My beloved (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) advised me to do three things which I would never abandon as long as I live: fasting three days every month, offering the Duha prayer, and not going to bed before performing the Witr prayer.” [Narrated by Muslim]
2/1259- Abu Ad-Dardā` -raḍiyallāhu 'anhu- berkata, "Kekasihku -ṣallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam- berwasiat kepadaku dengan tiga wasiat, aku tidak akan meninggalkannya selama aku hidup, yaitu: puasa tiga hari pada tiap bulan, salat Duha, dan tidak tidur kecuali setelah melaksanakan salat Witir." (HR. Muslim)
1260/3 - ‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Amr ibn al-‘Ās (may Allah be pleased with him and his father) reported that the Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Fasting three days every month is fasting the whole year.” [Narrated by Al-Bukhāri and Muslim]
3/1260- Abdullah bin 'Amr bin Al-'Āṣ -raḍiyallāhu 'anhumā- berkata, Rasulullah -ṣallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam- bersabda, "Puasa tiga hari setiap bulan adalah (seperti) puasa selama setahun penuh." (Muttafaq 'Alaih)
1261/4 - Mu‘ādhah al-‘Adawiyyah reported that she asked ‘Ā’ishah (may Allah be pleased with her): “Did the Messenger of Allah fast three days every month?” ‘Ā’ishah replied: “Yes.” Mu‘ādhah asked: “In which part of the month did he fast?” ‘Ā’ishah replied: “It did not matter to him in which part of the month he fasted.” [Narrated by Muslim]
4/1261- Mu'āżah Al-'Adawiyyah meriwayatkan bahwasanya ia bertanya kepada Aisyah -raḍiyallāhu 'anhā-, "Apakah Rasulullah -ṣallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam- melakukan puasa tiga hari setiap bulan?" Aisyah menjawab, "Ya." Maka aku berkata, "Di hari yang manakah pada bulan itu beliau melakukan puasa?" Aisyah menjawab, "Beliau tidak memedulikan di hari apa di bulan itu beliau melakukan puasa." (HR. Muslim)
1262/5 - Abu Dharr (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) said: “If you fast three days in a month, then fast the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth.” [Narrated by Al-Tirmidhi; and he classified it as Hasan (sound)]
5/1262- Abu Żarr -raḍiyallāhu 'anhu- berkata, Rasulullah -ṣallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam- bersabda, "Apabila engkau berpuasa tiga hari setiap bulan, maka berpuasalah pada hari ketiga belas, keempat belas, dan kelima belas." (HR. Tirmizi dan dia berkata, "Hadis hasan")
1263/6 - Qatādah ibn Milhān (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: “The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) used to command us to fast the bright days: the thirteenth, the fourteenth, and the fifteenth.” [Narrated by Abu Dāwūd]
6/1263- Qatādah bin Milḥān -raḍiyallāhu 'anhu- berkata, "Rasulullah -ṣallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam- memerintahkan kami berpuasa pada ayyāmul-bīḍ: tanggal 13, 14, dan 15." (HR. Abu Daud)
1264/7 - Ibn ‘Abbās (may Allah be pleased with him and his father) reported: “The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him) would not fail to fast the bright days whether he was residing or traveling.” [Narrated by Al-Nasā’i with a sound Isnād]
7/1264- Ibnu 'Abbās -raḍiyallāhu 'anhumā- berkata, "Rasulullah -ṣallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam- biasa tidak berbuka pada ayyāmul-bīḍ baik ketika beliau mukim maupun musafir." (HR. An-Nasā`iy dengan sanad hasan)
1) Fasting three days every month is equivalent to fasting the whole year, for a good deed is rewarded by ten times as much.
1) Puasa tiga hari pada tiap bulan setara dengan puasa setahun penuh, karena satu kebaikan dilipatgandakan sepuluh kali lipat.
2) Fasting the three days in the middle of the month - 13, 14, and 15 - is the best form of fasting, for this was the more frequent practice of the Prophet (may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him).
2) Berpuasa di pertengahan bulan -tanggal 13, 14, dan 15- adalah yang paling utama, karena merupakan petunjuk Rasulullah -ṣallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam- yang umum.
3) They show the merit of the Companions, as they were keen to act upon the Prophet’s instructions throughout their lives.
3) Keutamaan sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah -ṣallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam- dalam hal menjaga wasiat Rasulullah -ṣallallāhu 'alaihi wa sallam- selama masa hidup mereka.